From 2019 to the present, France, Germany, the Netherlands, the UK and the European Union (EU) have respectively announced their own Indo-Pacific Strategies (IPS). While sharing the same goal of increasing presence in the region, these strategies have fundamental differences in terms of how to define the “Indo-Pacific” concept, the approach to China, prioritized fields, and implementation measures....
In October 2022, the Biden administration released its long-awaited National Security Strategy (NSS), its most comprehensive document on U.S. security and foreign policy. The strategy presents a new global security context after 5 years, abandoning the “principled realism” touted by the Trump administration back in 2017 but doubling down on big power competition.